Biology

Chapter 6: Part 1 and 2 I. Evolution of Photosynthesis Organisms

A.) Heterotroph Hypothesis

1.) The very first organisms on earth are believed to be single celled heterotrophic organisms.
a.) These organisms evolved in an O2 free environment.
b) By breaking the organic soup down (by the process of glycolisis) CO2 is released as an energy source.

1.) Somewhere in this process a molecule called chlorophyll evolved
2.) These organisms that had chlorophyll utilized the CO + 6H O to produce food.

Chlorophyll
CO2 + 6H2O====> C6H12O6+602
Light Glucose/Fructose oxygen
3.) Free 02 is now given off. O2 is poisonous to many of the previous organisms.
4.) Electron transport systems evolve to minimize effect of O2 (often found in the membrane cells.)

B.) Photosynthesis "light; to make."

Chlorophyll
CO2 + 6H2O====> C6H12O6+602
Light Glucose/Fructose oxygen

1.) Van Neil's Hypothesis- studied sulfur bacteria.
CO2+2H2S=====>(CH2O)+2H2O+2S
CO2+2H2_(A)====>(Cn(H2O)n)+2H2O+2(A)
C2O16+H2018====>(CH2O16)+O218
C.) Light

1.) Light has a wave nature about it
2.) Visible is only a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
a.) White light is composed of all wavelengths of light. ROYGBIV (nanometers).
b.) Chlorophyll absorbs only certain wavelengths of light (red and blue), they do not absorb green at all, but reflects it.

Part 2
I.) Cellular Respiration

A.) Functions

1.) Release energy
2.) Total breakdown of one glucose molecule, releases 686 kcal/mole
3.) Aerobic (uses O2)
a.) First part of process is anaerobic

4.) Cellular respiration can be broken down into several steps.
a.) Glycolisis
b.) Fermentation
c.) Kreb's Cycle
d.) Electron Transport Chain

B.) Food Conversion

Anabolic
Glucose<=====>Glycogen
catabolic
Anabolic
Fatty Acids + Glycerol <====> Fat(s)
Catabolic
Anabolic
Amino Acids <=====> Proteins
Catabolic

Nucleic Acids

II. Glycolisis

A.) 1st step of Cellular respiration
1.) this step occurs in the cytoplasm (not in mitochondria)
2.) this step does not need oxygen, it is said to be anaerobic.
3.) Glycolisis releases 143 kcal/mole of Energy

III.) Fermentation
A.) This is a side step to glycolisis if O2 is not present.
1.) Very inefficient in terms of energy release.
2.) 2 ATP'S formed in fermentation.

IV.) Kreb's Cycle and Electron Transport Chain
A.) Functions
1.) Occur in the presence of O2- Aerobic
2.) Occurs in Mitochondria
3.) Produces 543 kcal/mole of energy
4.) Very efficient, produces 36 ATP'S